Agricultural extension and communique pdf?
These studies turned into carried out to discover the have an effect of retailers on the outcomes of
empowerment of farmers, the impact of recipients at the outcomes of the farmer empowerment,
Agricultural Extension And Communique PDF
the impact of agricultural extension at the outcomes of the farmer empowerment,
and the have an effect on of retailers, recipients, and agricultural extension at the outcomes
of farmer empowerment. These studies turned into done in May to July 2017.
The quantitative descriptive technique turned into implemented with the aid of using the usage of
number one and secondary facts.
Primary facts received from interviews with 24 respondents who implemented incorporated crop
control technology (PTT) on paddy fields.
The approach of the interview turned into guided with questionnaires even as secondary facts turned into taken
from a few literature paintings and applicable agencies.
The outcomes confirmed that: there's a tremendous and widespread have an effect on among the retailers
and farmer empowerment, there's a tremendous and widespread have an effect on among the
recipients at the farmer empowerment,
there's a tremendous and widespread have effect on among agricultural extension at the
outcomes of the farmer empowerment,
and there's tremendous and widespread have an effect on among the retailers,
recipients, and agricultural extension at the outcomes of farmer empowerment.
Designed to provide a comprehensive study of communique,
this bankruptcy gives the advent of communique as interrelated as fashions and
techniques of the communique system in the context of large intrapersonal,
interpersonal, or socio-cultural structures of behavior. The first part gives communique which means,
elements and fashions of communique and other parts focus on the obstacles
and techniques of communique.
Communication is really the act of shifting statistics from one place,
individual or organization to another. Every communique involves (at least) one sender,
a message and a recipient.
The transmission of the message from sender to recipient may be affected with the aid of using
a big variety of things. These include our emotions, the cultural situation,
the medium used to communicate, or even our location. Various type of
obstructions raised during the communications and break the connection among
sender and receiver that creates a misinterpretation of the which means of the message. Thus,
there are various techniques of the communique system which keep away from the
such obstacles and assist to acquire the correct statistics with the aid of using receivers. Keywords:
communique, obstacles, techniques, fashions of communique,
social-interplay Introduction Communication is a dynamic system that takes place
round us all of the time.
The system of passing statistics from one individual to another individual with the assist
of a few media termed as a communique. Meaning: from Latin phrase communicated of sharing
is inherent withinside the very.
Our time spent receiving and sending messages accounts for 70% of our total time.
Agricultural Extension Manual pdf?
Page | forty-four So, verbal exchange defines because of the system of expertise and sharing meaning.
A system is a dynamic hobby this is difficult to explain as it changes.
Definitions Leagans, Communication is the system by which or more people
exchange ideas, facts, feelings, or impressions in ways that every gain
not unusual place expertise of the meaning, intent, and use of messages. Keith Davis,
Communication is a system of passing information and expertise from one
character to another. In other words, imparting or exchange of information between.
people by means of sending or receiving messages by numerous mediums are called
verbal exchange. This can be verbal, nonverbal, written, or visual.
Every verbal exchange has at least one sender and receiver and those consist of the switch of
the message together with emotions, cultural situation, the medium used to talk and even,
our location. Elements of verbal exchange system In order to better understand the
verbal exchange system, we break it into numerous elements consisting of supply,
the message, channel, receiver, feedback, etc. 1. The communicator This is the character who
begins offevolved the system of verbal exchange in operation. He is the supply or originator of
messages.
He is the primary to offer expression to a message supposed to attain a target market in a manner
that consequences from the wrong interpretation and applicable response. When a communicator does,
now no longer keep the self-assurance of his target market, verbal exchange, as conceived,
will now no longer take place.
2. Message or content material A message is the information communicator wishes his
target target market to receive, understand, be given, and act upon. Messages, for example,
might also additionally consist of statements of scientific facts about agriculture,
sanitation or nutrition; description of the action being taken by individuals,
groups or committees; reasons why certain kinds of action should be taken;
or steps important in taking given sorts of action. 3.
Channels The sender and the receiver of messages must be connected or
tuned with every other. For this purpose, channels of verbal exchange are important.
Page | forty-five They are the physical bridges between the sender and the receiver
of messages-the avenues between a communicator and a target market on which messages
journey to and for. They are the transmission strains used for wearing messages to their
destination. Thus, the channels function important equipment of the communicator.
A channel can be something utilized by a sender of messages to attach him with supposed
Receivers. The important factor is that he needs to get in touch together along with his target market.
Many obstructions can input channels. These are often referred to as noise-that
is, a few obstructions that prevent the message from being heard via way of means of or carried over
truly to the target market.
4. Audience/Receiver An target market is the meant receiver of the message.
It is the purchaser of messages. It is the meant respondent in message sending,
and is thought to be in a position to gain economically, socially, or in other
approaches via way of means of responding to the message especially approaches.
In a good verbal exchange
the communicator already identifies the target market ambitions.
The significance of truly figuring out a target market can't be over-stressed.
The greater homogeneous a target market, the greater the chances of successful
verbal exchange. 5. Audience response/remarks This is the terminating element in,
verbal exchange implemented to rural improvement programs.
Response via way of means of a target market too,
messages obtained is in the shape of a few kinds of actions of a few degrees, mentally or
physically. Action, therefore, need to be regarded as a product, now no longer as a manner;
it needs to be handled as an end, now no longer as a means. Consequently,
the five factors hitherto analyzed viz., communicator, message, channel,
treatment and target market are meant to be regarded as a prepared scheme
(means) for reaching the favored action (end) at the part of a meant target market.
Models of verbal exchange Models in verbal exchange describe the numerous manner
thru which message reaches the receiver from the source.
Different fashions have been given via way of means of unique authors which might be useful in
know-how the manner of verbal exchange along with the time,
however, for the past few years, we are following these fashions without any further
change. Thus, via way of means of examination, fashions of verbal exchange one can learn now
no longer only about
the objectives, situation, or manner however also about the perspective or
techniques of the scientist. Models of verbal exchange also offer critical insights
into the numerous views of verbal exchange. The verbal exchange version lays down
the essential verbal exchange manner. Successful verbal exchange
Page | forty-six would require each the sender and the receiver to percentage obligation in
order to make verbal exchange smooth, effective, and efficient. A version is used to depict
any concept or idea in a less difficult manner thru a diagram or pictorial illustration etc.
It makes any idea clean and clear. In easy words, a version makes mastering easy.
These are unique fashions of verbal exchange given via way of means of professionals 1.
Aristotle's version of communique Aristotle turned into the Greek philosopher and turned into the
first to take an initiative and layout the version of the communique. His version turned into the
a linear version of communique made for speakme or oral communique.
He has taken in particular 3 additives in his version. According to him,
the speaker performs a key function in a communique. He in particular centered on the speaker and
the speech. His version is extensively divided into 5 primary elements- speaker, speech,
occasion, audience, and effect. The Aristotle version of communique turned into widely
commonplace and it turned into the most common version of communique where the sender
sends the message to the receiver and makes them reply and act accordingly. However,
there have been few criticisms around this version that there is no idea of
comments because of one-way version and there is no idea of communique
failure like noise and barrier.
2. Harold Lasswell's version of communique It turned into
evolved with the aid of using communique theorist Harold D.
Lasswell in 1948. Also referred to as motion version or linear version.
This version has 5 additives that can be used as an evaluation device for comparing the
communique manner. These questions have been requested withinside the shape of questions that are
Page | 47 This method turned into used for interpersonal communique or group
communique to be disseminated message to numerous groups. The major drawback of
the version turned into it does now no longer encompass comments and without comments
communique manner,
isn't successful. It turned into additionally criticized for being very widespread and which include very
conventional topic. And it additionally ignores the opportunity of noise. 3.
Shannon-weaver, version of communique This version turned into initially designed to improve
technical communique however later used to explain exceptional fields of communique.
This version has evolved powerful communique among sender and receiver and
they additionally found the factors which have been affecting the communique manner called
This version explains that the sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver
through the channel then the receiver has to decode the message before
expertise it. The noise turned into introduced later which the receiver won't have capacity
to decode which would possibly reason issues withinside the communique manner.
Page | forty-eight 4. Wesley and Mclean version of communique In 1957 this version turned into
proposed with the aid of using Bruce Westley and Malcolm Mclean. This version explains a strong
relation among responses from the environment and the manner of communique.
The person must first get hold of a message from the surroundings after which they will reply
in keeping with their item of orientation. The sender encodes the message which passed.
thru a channel after which decoded and then the message is apparent to the receiver.
This version covered the remarks and the version may be very descriptive. However
it has a few barriers like it does now no longer explain conversation which involves
a couple of messages and complex messages. The version does now no longer consist of noise in
conversation. 5.
In 1964 David Berlo advanced this version from Shannon and Weaver man or woman.
He covered certain factors which influence the conversation method between
people like-skills, awareness level, cultural system, conversation to take
place, the source, and the receiver need to be at the Said where Berlo provides the message
to his version.
Page | forty-nine ends, involving the manner in which the message thru the channel that
became utilized in a normal language that can be without problems understood via way of
means of the receiver. 6.
Osgood Schramm version of conversation In 1954 Osgood Schramm given this version
based on the theory that conversation is a -manner method that consists of,
sender and receiver. This version involves a circular conversation between
people and they are therefore able to communicate to one another,
instead of handiest in a single direction. He concluded that messages need to be interpreted in
order for them to be understood.
The major thing of this version is- Encoder (sender)-who ship the message Decoder
(receiver)-who acquire the message Interpreter-man or woman seeking to recognize or interpret
Message-what's conveyed from one to another.
Page | 50 However, this version has no remarks and does now no longer talk about any
semantic barrier. 7. Dance helical version of conversation This Helical version became
proposed via way of means of Frank Dance in 1967. The concept of a conversation method is
comparable to Helix.
Helix is an easy curve spring-like shape which it is going upwards additionally comes,
downwards and receives larger and larger because it moves. This version is non-linear and
evolutionary and gives a bendy conversation method. This version additionally has a sender,
and receiver which makes it a -manner method version, with similarities to
conventional conversation. It consists of important aspects such as intelligence,
language, and revel in from the past. But, this version is now no longer organized and
can't be recognized separately. applicable. 8. Reagan's version of the conversation
Reagans in 1961 defined conversation as a method via way of means of which or more
individuals exchange ideas, facts, feelings, and impressions in a manner that they
can advantage a clean knowledge and use of the message. Reagans says that for a complete
conversation method, six factors are vital which can be as follows:
Communicator Message or content Channel Treatment Audience Audience response/remarks
Page | 51 Advantages and Limitations of conversation fashions Advantages of,
conversation fashions, A clean benefit of the version is the simplicity in their fashions
and its clarity Model offers shape to the numerous method of conversation Models,
offer ease to the complex variables within unmarried shape Models are
rather practical Models offer a simple and global perspective of the complex.
shape Model offers readability to the shape of events A version identifies data
that are needed and interpretation of findings Models enables to give an explanation for the
the flow of records in society and improvements are followed or rejected via way of means of
society It enables withinside the smooth presentation of the numerous procedure It affords records,
to college students to realize which kind of version to apply to acquire records effectively Model
enables to discover new relationships A proper understanding of the verbal exchange,
the version leads to a smooth presentation of ideas It enables to give an explanation for whilst
experiments,
are not possible or viable Limitations of verbal exchange fashions Sometimes the info is now no longer
to be had in a verbal exchange version In fashions ultimately essential factors of
verbal exchange procedure A version might also additionally oversimplify things In fashions sometimes the
blessings can be much less than the value of the application.
Page | 52 There is continually rigidity withinside the verbal exchange version and verbal exchange
can't continually be in inflexible version Communication limitations There are many motives why
interpersonal communications might also additionally fail.
In many communications, the message won't be obtained precisely the manner the sender
intended and hence it is essential that the communicator seeks feedback to
take a look at that their message is truly understood. The skills of Active Listening,
Clarification and Reflection, which we can speak about shortly,
might also additionally assist however the skilled,
communicator additionally desires to be privy to the limitations to powerful verbal exchange.
There exist
many limitations to verbal exchange and these might also additionally occur at any stage in the
verbal exchange procedure. Barriers might also additionally result in your message turning distorted and you
consequently threat losing each time and/or money via way of means of causing confusion and,
misunderstanding. The effective verbal exchange involves overcoming these limitations and
conveying a clear and concise message. Barriers to verbal exchange procedure Language,
limitations Clearly, language and linguistic ability might also additionally act as a barrier to
verbal exchange. However, even if speaking withinside the equal language,
the terminology used in a message might also additionally act as a barrier if it is now no longer
absolutely understood via way of means of the receiver(s). For example, a message that consists of lots of
expert jargon and abbreviations will now no longer be understood via way of means of a
the receiver who's now no longer
acquainted with the terminology used. As nurses,
we're particularly at risk of making this mistake.
We ought to bear in mind to apply language that may be understood via way of means of the receiver.
Psychological limitations The mental state of the receiver will affect how
The message is received. For instance, if someone has private worries and is,
stressed, they may also be preoccupied with private concerns and now no longer as receptive
to the message as though they had been now no longer stressed. Stress management is an important
the private ability that impacts our interpersonal relationships.
Anger is every other instance of a mental barrier to verbal exchange. When we're angry
it's far easy to say matters that we may also later remorse and also to misinterpret what
others are saying. More usually,
humans with low vanity may also be much less assertive and therefore may also now no longer feel
comfortable speaking-they may also feel shy about saying how they really feel,
or study terrible sub-texts into messages they hear.
Page | fifty-three Physiological limitations bodily state. For instance,
a receiver with reduced hearing may also now no longer grasp the entirety of a spoken
conversation, specifically if there may be huge historical past noise.
Physical limitations An instance of a bodily barrier to verbal exchange is
There is a geographic distance between the sender and the receiver.
Communication is usually less difficult over shorter distances as greater verbal exchange
channels are to be had and much less era is required. Although the current era often
serves to lessen the impact of bodily limitations,
the advantages and dangers of each verbal exchange channel should be
understood so that a suitable channel may be used to conquer the bodily
limitations. Attitudinal limitations are behaviors or perceptions
that save you, humans, from speaking effectively. Attitudinal limitations to
the verbal exchange may also end result from persona conflicts, negative management,
resistance to change, or a loss of motivation. Effective receivers of messages
should attempt to conquer their very own attitudinal limitations to facilitate effectively
verbal exchange.
Overcoming limitations Most of the above-mentioned limitations can be
conquer via way of means of the professional communicator. Obviously,
bridging gaps in geography and speaking thru disabilities is a subject for
an extraordinary discussion. Below, we are able to appear at some tools that can be used to
bridge limitations in ordinary communications. Active listening is a
an ability that may be obtained and advanced with practice. However,
this ability can be difficult to master and will, therefore, take time and
patience. Active listening means, as its call suggests, actively listening.
That is completely targeting what's being stated instead of listening with all senses.
As nicely as giving complete interest to the speaker, it's far -otherwise,
the speaker may also
finish that what they're speaking approximately is dull to the listener.
By providing these 'comments' the person speaking will usually sense greater ease
and consequently talk greater without difficulty, openly, and honestly.
There are verbal and non-verbal cues that carry energetic listening. Non-verbal signs
consist of smiling (if suitable), making eye contact, nodding at
Page | fifty-four suitable times, and fending off distractions. These non-verbal cues carry
Let the speaker know you are interested in what he or she has to say, as well as your readiness to listen
interest is absolutely invested.
Offering verbal signs of energetic listening can also be
useful. Reflecting on something the speaker has said via way of means of asking a clarifying,
the query is an extremely good manner to do this. Paraphrasing includes locating slightly
repetition of the speaker's main idea uses different words,
and is likewise a wonderful manner to reveal energetic listening. Use easy language that can
be without difficulty understood. Avoid the use of clinical terminology or jargon whilst speaking to
customers and their families. People are frequently intimidated via way of means of such understanding
the message being delivered. An important tool to use whilst speaking is to
Make sure your messages are getting across by asking questions occasionally
understood as intended. You might also permit the listener to invite inquiries to clarify,
any points. Give positive comments Remember that comments are part of the
verbal exchange chain we checked out on the primary page. While the comments that
Even though the speaker/sender may occasionally be negative,
it is important that you listen to the speaker/sender
it's miles positive in nature. The intent of the comments have to be to further
the abilities of the speaker. This will strengthen the interpersonal relationship,
and decorate destiny communications. Communicative techniques These are plans,
ways or means of sharing information that's followed to achieve a unique
social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose. Types of verbal exchange
techniques There are seven varieties of verbal exchange techniques 1. Nomination:
Presenting a unique subject matter clearly, truthfully, and pronouncing simplest what's applicable 2.
Restriction: Constraining the reaction or response inside a set of classes 3.
Turn-taking: Recognizing whilst and the way to talk due to the fact it's miles 4.
Topic control: Keeping the interplay going via way of means of asking questions and
eliciting a reaction,
Page | fifty-five 5. Topic shifting: Introducing a new subject matter followed via way
of means of the continuation,
of that subject matter 6. Repair: Overcoming verbal exchange breakdown to send greater
understandable messages,
this is acknowledged. Making clear verbal and non-verbal signals to conclude a conversation
the interplay Communication techniques via way of means of Ms. May C.
Francisco One of the biggest
reassess of misunderstandings and verbal exchange breakdown are language.
Studies show that the following are the twelve techniques that audio systems commonly
resort to whilst verbal exchange issues arise Message abandonment:
You depart the message unfinished due to language difficulty.
Topic Avoidance-You attempt now no longer to speak approximately ideas hard with the
intention to explicit,
Circumlocution: You describe or paraphrase the goal item or action.
Approximation-You use an opportunity term (ship) to explicit the means of the goal,
phrase (a sail) as intently as possible Use of all-purpose-words: You expand a general
phrase to the context where certain words are lacking like the overuse of,
What is it, so- call it,whatever-it-is,how-do-yo, what-should-you-do
You create a brand new English phrase primarily based totally on what you Use of nonverbal
means: You mime,
the gesture, use facial expression and imitate sound too explicit which means
you want. Literal translation-You translate a phrase or an idiom from your mother
tongue to English the use of the shape of your first language Foreignizing:
You use the phrase for your local language however pronounce it like English.
Code-switching- You use the local phrase or expression for the English term that
expresses the which means you want Appeal for Help: You ask other college students or your,
trainer for assist while you do now no longer understand or neglect about a few words,
structures, or idioms.
Use of Fillers/hesitation devices-You uses filling words to advantage time to think.
Page | fifty-six Conclusions The fashions of verbal exchange finish that if there are complexities,
withinside the version, it's miles hard to apprehend the version. The version has to be
easy along,
with all the principle additives worried in it. The version can not consist of every single,
the detail even small factors are almost prevented in a maximum of the fashions and simplest
important factors are included. These fashions assist in simplifying the method of,
the verbal exchange which makes them clean to apprehend. We can without difficulty compare
and choose,
consistent with desires which one is best. The basic idea of the version is a sender
who has an idea which he sends withinside the form of a message through suitable,
Channel to the receiver and the receiver then responds with the feedback.
In this manner, most of the messages attain their respective destination,
however, there are a few disrupted obstacles together with noise. Barriers are obstructing and
misread the content material despatched through the supply however it may be conquered
through the use of techniques of,
conversation accompanied through scientists and methods the correct information. There is a need
of understanding all techniques of conversation through extension agent at some stage in,
conversation and interaction with rural peoples for the success of accomplishing
objective. Knowledge of conversation models and techniques assist researchers,
and students to solve the interaction issues that get up at some stage in survey paintings in rural
regions in addition to urban. Reference 1. Anderson WS.
Barriers to development in telecommunications. Comput Networks. 1981; 5:325-350. 2.
Badura A, Helus Z. Language obstacles-Sociology of conversation. Cesk Psychol.
1976; 20:86-89. 3. Barron DD.
The use and perceived obstacles to the usage of telecommunications technology.
J Educat Librarianship. 1987; 27:288-294 4. Berlo DK. The manner of Communication.
Originally published in 1960 by Holt Rinehart and Winston,
Bialystok E. Communication techniques.
Conversation styles and war withinside the agricultural extension?
This paper offers conversation styles and war in agricultural extension.
A sturdy assumption is that,
the extension will be predicted to beautify agricultural and rural development,
however, the proper conversation sample and war in extension stay unsolved.
Therefore, the goals of this paper are three-fold,
namely (a) to discover the social tactics amongst actors withinside the implementation of social,
engineering-primarily based totally extension and social studying-primarily based totally extension,
(b) to map the conversation styles in agricultural extension,
and to investigate the conflicting features in agricultural extension.
This observation makes use of a Comparative Case Studies Method that specialize in social
engineering and
social studying in agricultural extension, the use of a Purposive Sampling Technique.
The pattern includes authorities officials (inclusive of extension officer), prÃvate sector,
researcher and farmer groups.
The outcomes display that (i) social manner amongst actors in an agricultural extension primarily based totally on
social engineering is greater project-oriented (dissociative),
even as the social manner in social studying-primarily based totally extension has a tendency to be cooperation-oriented
because of the equal hobby in attaining the intention of programs,
particularly ability and information improvement (associative),
(ii) conversation in social engineering-primarily based totally extension is a linear sample (top-down),
even as conversation in social studying-primarily based totally extension is the use of a convergent
(participatory) sample,
(iii) war in an agricultural extension primarily based totally on social engineering is typically latent
(hidden) and could subsequently explode and hinder extension,
the impacting organization in solidarity,
even as in extension primarily based totally on social studying, war typically is at the surface
(manifest), and the lodging is one manner to solve.
A fundamental implication of those findings is the stepping up of agricultural extension
(primarily based totally on social studying manner)
which turns into a push component Achieving independence from others.
in locating new innovation. The studies indicate that social studying-primarily
based totally extension,
have to be advanced as an ability manner to maintain a vital function of extension in
agricultural and rural development.
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